Robustness Results: First Stage, Antidepressant Use and Mother’s Labor Market Outcomes
| Antidepressant Use | Mother Positive Income | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month 1–10 | Month 11–20 | Month 21–30 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| Panel A1: OLS—Postal Codes with 3 or Fewer GP Practices | ||||||
| AD 1–10 mo. after birth | 0.577** | 0.388** | –0.090** | –0.098** | –0.101** | |
| (0.006) | (0.006) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | ||
| Panel A2: 2SLS—Postal Codes with 3 or Fewer GP Practices | ||||||
| New patients aged 46–65 | 0.265** | |||||
| (0.059) | ||||||
| AD 1–10 mos after birth | 0.694** | 0.712** | –0.501 | 0.122 | 0.204 | |
| (0.192) | (0.216) | (0.325) | (0.364) | (0.351) | ||
| Weak IV 95% AR confidence set | [0.296; 1.093] | [0.306; 1.247] | [−1.241; 0.110] | [−0.563; 0.950] | [−0.457; 1.003] | |
| Mean outcome | 0.025 | 0.028 | 0.030 | 0.911 | 0.907 | 0.901 |
| F-statistic first stage | 20.29 | 20.29 | 20.29 | 20.29 | 20.29 | 20.29 |
| Observations | 275,160 | 275,160 | 275,160 | 275,160 | 275,160 | 275,160 |
| Panel B1: OLS—Rural Areas | ||||||
| AD 1–10 mo. after birth | 0.565** | 0.381** | –0.067** | –0.073** | –0.089** | |
| (0.010) | (0.009) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | ||
| Panel B2: 2SLS—Rural Areas | ||||||
| New patients aged 46–65 | 0.314** | |||||
| (0.087) | ||||||
| AD 1–10 mo. after birth | 0.776** | 1.025** | –0.712 | –0.791 | –0.711 | |
| (0.231) | (0.300) | (0.419) | (0.479) | (0.458) | ||
| Weak IV 95% AR confidence set | [0.343; 1.393] | [0.520; 1.945] | [−2.000; −0.007] | [−2.262; 0.016] | [−2.115; 0.059] | |
| Mean outcome | 0.024 | 0.027 | 0.029 | 0.927 | 0.922 | 0.915 |
| F-statistic first stage | 13.12 | 13.12 | 13.12 | 13.12 | 13.12 | 13.12 |
| Observations | 110,809 | 110,809 | 110,809 | 110,809 | 110,809 | 110,809 |
| Panel C1: OLS—First and Second Births | ||||||
| 0.576** | 0.404** | –0.082** | –0.092** | –0.098** | ||
| (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | ||
| Panel C2: 2SLS – First and Second Births | ||||||
| New patients aged 46–65 | 0.165** | |||||
| (0.036) | ||||||
| AD 1–10 mo. after birth | 0.577** | 0.686** | –0.713 | –0.169 | –0.210 | |
| (0.188) | (0.239) | (0.376) | (0.365) | (0.351) | ||
| Weak IV 95% AR confidence set | [0.187; 0.967] | [0.236; 1.230] | [−1.643; −0.006] | [−0.927; 0.589] | [−0.940; 0.450] | |
| Mean outcome | 0.025 | 0.029 | 0.033 | 0.901 | 0.898 | 0.893 |
| F-statistic first stage | 20.95 | 20.95 | 20.95 | 20.95 | 20.95 | 20.95 |
| Observations | 768,740 | 768,740 | 768,740 | 768,740 | 768,740 | 768,740 |
Notes: Panel A focuses on 1,548 postal codes with three or fewer GP practices. Panel B focuses on rural areas (urbanicity categories four and five). Panel C includes both first and second births. The antidepressant use dummies for month 1 to 10, 11 to 20, and 21 to 30 are one if the woman was dispensed at least one antidepressant script in these months. Positive income is a dummy and indicates that an individual had income greater than zero in the full calendar years after birth (Y1–Y3). All specifications include area-level (municipality) fixed effects, individual controls. and postal code–level controls. Robust standard errors are clustered at the area level and shown in parentheses. Significance: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.