Family Formation
| Father Lives at Same Address | Father Lives in Same Municipality | Second Birth | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | <30 mo | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
| Panel A1: OLS | |||||||
| AD 1–10 mo. after birth | –0.019** | –0.033** | –0.042** | –0.011** | –0.018** | –0.021** | –0.137** |
| (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.004) | |
| Panel A2: 2SLS | |||||||
| AD 1–10 mo. after birth | 0.148 | 0.309 | 0.512 | 0.201 | 0.086 | 0.174 | –0.256 |
| (0.307) | (0.351) | (0.382) | (0.270) | (0.270) | (0.305) | (0.752) | |
| Weak IV 95% AR confidence set | [−0.428; 0.907] | [−0.351; 1.246] | [−0.131; 1.608] | [−0.308; 0.869] | [−0.475; 0.702] | [−0.400; 0.930] | [−1.819; 1.456] |
| Mean outcome | 0.906 | 0.896 | 0.884 | 0.934 | 0.928 | 0.922 | 0.393 |
| F-statistic first stage | 15.23 | 15.23 | 15.23 | 15.23 | 15.23 | 15.23 | 15.23 |
| Observations | 427,475 | 427,475 | 427,475 | 427,475 | 427,475 | 427,475 | 427,475 |
| Panel B1: OLS Top 25% Income | |||||||
| AD 1–10 mo. after birth | –0.014** | –0.025** | –0.036** | –0.003 | –0.012* | –0.019** | –0.205** |
| (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.007) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.012) | |
| Panel B2: 2SLS Top 25% Income | |||||||
| AD 1–10 mo. after birth | 0.205 | 0.094 | 0.331 | 0.443 | 0.151 | 0.383 | –1.143 |
| (0.293) | (0.270) | (0.321) | (0.257) | (0.218) | (0.255) | (0.926) | |
| Weak IV 95% AR confidence set | [−0.346; 0.871] | [−0.468; 0.656] | [−0.273; 1.063] | [0.010; 1.079] | [−0.258; 0.647] | [−0.045; 1.013] | [−3.435; 0.415] |
| Mean outcome | 0.969 | 0.969 | 0.964 | 0.982 | 0.981 | 0.979 | 0.477 |
| F-statistic first stage | 21.88 | 21.88 | 21.88 | 21.88 | 21.88 | 21.88 | 21.88 |
| Observations | 106,868 | 106,868 | 106,868 | 106,868 | 106,868 | 106,868 | 106,868 |
| Panel C1: OLS Bottom 75% Income | |||||||
| AD 1–10 mo. after birth | –0.018** | –0.032** | –0.041** | –0.011** | –0.018** | –0.019** | –0.123** |
| (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.005) | |
| Panel C2: 2SLS Bottom 75% Income | |||||||
| AD 1–10 mo. after birth | –0.022 | 0.252 | 0.405 | –0.023 | –0.064 | –0.090 | –0.108 |
| (0.444) | (0.527) | (0.562) | (0.391) | (0.411) | (0.457) | (1.036) | |
| Weak IV 95% AR confidence set | [−1.209; 1.252] | [−0.843; 2.181] | [−0.652; 2.797] | [−1.068; 1.100] | [−1.244; 1.035] | [−1.401; 1.131] | [−2.671; 3.274] |
| Mean outcome | 0.884 | 0.872 | 0.857 | 0.918 | 0.911 | 0.903 | 0.365 |
| F-statistic first stage | 7.16 | 7.16 | 7.16 | 7.16 | 7.16 | 7.16 | 7.16 |
| Observations | 320,607 | 320,607 | 320,607 | 320,607 | 320,607 | 320,607 | 320,607 |
Notes: Panels B and C split the sample by household income (mean of the sum of maternal and paternal income in the two years prior to the first birth). In the first three columns, the outcome variable is equal to one when the father and the child live at the same address. In Columns 4–6 the outcome variable is equal to one if the father and child live in the same municipality. Column 7 is a dummy variable that is equal to one if the mother had a second child within 30 months. All specifications include area-level fixed effects, year of birth fixed effects, individual controls, and postal code–level controls. Robust standard errors are clustered at the area level and shown in in parentheses. Significance: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.