Table 3

Effect of Relative Deprivation on Smoking Frequency

Explanatory VariablesMales
1		Females
2
Head of household’s educationa3.091
(3.192)		3.575
(4.021)
Head of household’s education squaredb−0.088
(0.083)		−0.189*
(0.109)
Relative deprivationc5.964***
(1.920)		2.655
(2.436)
Age13.504***
(1.307)		13.728***
(1.832)
Black−45.976***
(4.241)		−67.998***
(4.859)
Asian5.631
(4.536)		−6.825
(5.633)
Native American26.928***
(3.687)		17.351***
(4.063)
Other race1.395
(3.494)		3.214
(4.426)
Hispanic ethnicity−2.134
(2.890)		−3.038
(3.350)
U.S.-born5.659*
(3.042)		16.073***
(3.727)
Interviewed in spring−94.898***
(36.722)		−103.521***
(30.749)
Interviewed in winter36.940**
(17.941)		22.046
(21.922)
Grade-level percent male17.002
(27.990)		−17.838
(33.968)
Grade-level age−0.926
(1.818)		2.307
(2.171)
Grade-level percent Black−96.812**
(38.891)		−150.086***
(47.506)
Grade-level percent Asian−34.961
(53.789)		−18.678
(57.175)
Grade-level percent Native American125.728*
(64.658)		194.916**
(76.576)
Grade-level percent other race1.066
(53.742)		−131.991*
(75.094)
Grade-level percent Hispanic51.337
(41.138)		42.818
(66.778)
Grade-level percent U.S.-born27.742
(47.489)		−30.300
(57.672)
Grade-level number of students0.077***
(0.030)		0.198***
(0.038)
Household size−0.754
(0.704)		−2.329***
(0.797)
Single-father household18.221***
(3.124)		29.141***
(4.518)
Single-mother household16.592***
(2.236)		18.516***
(2.243)
N31,63533,963
Joint significance a, b: Prob > χ20.5050.000
Joint significance a, b, c: Prob > χ20.0000.000

  • Note: The marginal effects from the negative binomial regression are reported with standard errors in parentheses. Each model also includes a constant and school fixed effects. All schooling and grade levels are expressed in years.

  • ↵* Significant at 10 percent.

  • ↵** Significant at 5 percent.

  • ↵*** Significant at 1 percent.