Table 2

Descriptive Statistics of Student Cognitive and Noncognitive Outcomes

RepeatersNonrepeatersRaw GapN
(1)(2)(3)(4)
Academic performance

69.260

(21.93)

80.480

(21.37)

-5.507***

(0.908)

8,210

Cognitive assessment

9.040

(3.243)

11.060

(3.433)

-0.733***

(0.129)

8,408

Mental stress

2.180

(0.789)

1.973

(0.806)

0.102**

(0.032)

8,028

School disengagement

1.796

(0.492)

1.555

(0.460)

0.071***

(0.015)

8,113

Expected years of education

15.230

(3.443)

16.710

(2.975)

-0.839***

(0.152)

8,078

Confidence about future

3.125

(0.756)

3.329

(0.684)

-0.101***

(0.022)

8,328

Observations13467062

  • ↵Notes: We present the descriptive statistics of “expected years of education” and “confidence about future” separately because they are in different scales. Columns 1 and 2 present the means of outcomes with standard deviations in parentheses. In Column 3, we regress each outcome variable on the repeater dummy to examine the raw gap between repeaters and nonrepeaters while controlling for school fixed effects; standard errors are in parentheses. Column 4 shows the number of nonrepeaters in the regression analysis sample. The analysis sample is restricted to students with nonmissing values on the outcome variables. The missing rates of outcome variables are all below 4 percent. + p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.