Mechanisms through Which Repeater Peers Influence Nonrepeaters
| Descriptiive Statistics | Regression Coefficients | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Repeaters | Nonrepeaters | School FE with Individual Controls | School FE with Individual and Homeroom Teacher Controls | School FE with Individual, Homeroom Teacher, and Classroom Controls | N | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| Positive student–teacher interaction | 2.560 (0.633) | 2.745 (0.621) | –0.002 (0.003) | –0.000 (0.003) | –0.001 (0.002) | 7,038 |
| Positive student–student interaction | 2.996 (0.775) | 3.246 (0.734) | –0.010* (0.005) | –0.004 (0.004) | –0.002 (0.004) | 7,016 |
| After-school study time (hours) | 1.238 (1.200) | 1.334 (1.016) | –0.010*** (0.003) | –0.008* (0.003) | –0.010* (0.004) | 6,498 |
| Having friends with general disciplinary problems | 0.334 (0.472) | 0.193 (0.395) | 0.001 (0.002) | 0.002 (0.002) | 0.002 (0.002) | 6,943 |
| Having friends who go to internet cafés regularly | 0.212 (0.409) | 0.087 (0.282) | 0.001 (0.002) | 0.003+ (0.001) | 0.002 (0.001) | 6,929 |
| Observations | 1,391 | 7,061 | ||||
| School fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Student characteristics | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Homeroom teacher characteristics | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| Classroom characteristics | No | No | Yes | |||
↵Notes: Columns 1 and 2 present the raw mean values for repeaters and nonrepeaters with standard deviations in parentheses. Columns 3–5 present estimates based on regressions with different specifications, in which we progressively add student characteristics, homeroom teacher characteristics, and classroom characteristics to the school fixed effects models. Outcome variables in Column 3–5 are standardized among nonrepeaters within each school. Standard errors in parentheses. +p< 0.10, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.