Impact of Repeaters on Nonrepeaters’ Cognitive and Noncognitive Outcomes
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Academic performance | –0.029*** (0.008) | –0.026*** (0.007) | –0.024*** (0.007) | –0.021*** (0.006) | –0.018* (0.007) |
| Observations | 6,939 | 6,939 | 6,939 | 6,939 | 90 |
| Cognitive assessment | –0.025** (0.008) | –0.023** (0.008) | –0.026*** (0.007) | –0.023*** (0.006) | –0.023** (0.008) |
| Observations | 7,062 | 7,062 | 7,062 | 7,062 | 90 |
| Mental stress | 0.006+ (0.004) | 0.006 (0.003) | 0.003 (0.004) | 0.003 (0.003) | 0.004 (0.005) |
| Observations | 6,904 | 6,904 | 6,904 | 6,904 | 90 |
| School disengagement | 0.010* (0.004) | 0.009** (0.004) | 0.007* (0.003) | 0.007* (0.003) | 0.006+ (0.003) |
| Observations | 7,029 | 7,029 | 7,029 | 7,029 | 90 |
| Educational expectations | –0.013** (0.005) | –0.011** (0.004) | –0.005 (0.004) | –0.003 (0.004) | –0.003 (0.004) |
| Observations | 7,020 | 7,020 | 7,020 | 7,020 | 90 |
| School fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Student characteristics | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Homeroom teacher characteristics | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Classroom characteristics | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| First difference number of repeaters | Yes |
↵Notes: All outcome variables are standardized among nonrepeaters within each school. Each coefficient represents a separate regression using the proportion of repeater peers to predict each outcome variable. Student characteristics include gender, hukou status, only child, age, parental educational attainment, parental occupations, family income, and family risk factors. Homeroom teacher characteristics include homeroom teacher gender, age, educational level, graduated from a normal university (a university specializing in teaching), have a teaching certificate, teaching experience in years, teaching title, and teaching award. Classroom characteristics include class size, percentage of boys, percentage of low-income families, and percentage of students who have at least one family risk factor. Column 5 shows the first-difference estimates at the school level. Standard errors are in parentheses. + p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.