Table 1

Summary Statistics

	1963		1968		1975
	Mean (1)	SD (2)	Mean (3)	SD (4)	Mean (5)	SD (6)
Panel A: Offenders Characteristics
Male	0.932	0.252	0.980	0.141	0.945	0.228
White^{^a}	0.237	0.425	0.574	0.495	0.881	0.323
Black^{^b}	0.027	0.162	0.031	0.175	0.073	0.259
Middle Eastern	0.002	0.042			0.004	0.065
Oriental	0.002	0.042	0.007	0.082	0.040	0.195
Chinese, Japanese, South East Asian					0.002	0.045
Born in January					0.085	0.279
Born in February					0.078	0.269
Born in March	0.513	0.500	0.193	0.395	0.085	0.279
Born in April					0.083	0.276
Born in May					0.083	0.276
Born in June			0.251	0.434	0.090	0.287
Born in July					0.083	0.275
Born in August					0.085	0.279
Born in September	0.247	0.432	0.247	0.432	0.086	0.281
Born in October					0.080	0.271
Born in November					0.077	0.267
Born in December	0.240	0.428	0.309	0.463	0.083	0.277
Age at first offense (years)	16.783	2.274	16.023	3.031	16.983	2.770
Panel B: Offense Characteristics
Sentence length
Sentence length (months)	9.528	9.793	10.615	9.080	13.708	16.937
Plea
Guilty	0.900	0.301	0.729	0.445	0.904	0.294
Proceedings
Apprehension	0.287	0.453	0.215	0.412
Committed to High/Crown Court for trial	0.577	0.494	0.643	0.480
Offense
Burglary/robberies	0.375	0.484	0.354	0.479	0.077	0.267
Thefts	0.285	0.452	0.211	0.408	0.394	0.489
Frauds	0.057	0.233	0.025	0.155	0.030	0.172
Violent offense	0.161	0.368	0.235	0.425	0.168	0.374
Sexual offense	0.011	0.103	0.009	0.094	0.014	0.117
Criminal damage	0.011	0.103	0.018	0.133	0.024	0.153
Drug offenses	0.018	0.133	0.022	0.148	0.104	0.305
Motoring offenses	0.014	0.119	0.020	0.141
Minor offenses	0.038	0.190	0.063	0.243
Other offenses	0.030	0.172	0.043	0.202	0.189	0.392
Panel C: Future Reoffending
Outcomes after:	8 years		3 years		8 years
Reoffending rate	0.719	0.450	0.612	0.488	0.759	0.532
Offenses	4.624	5.635	3.592	5.531	7.791	6.375
Times to court	2.529	2.702	1.475	1.707	4.014	4.222
Sentences to prison	1.613	3.068	1.372	3.060	3.716	7.144
Burglary/robberies	0.685	1.399	0.630	1.433	0.118	0.257
Thefts	1.633	2.674	1.278	3.295	3.646	6.924
Frauds	0.448	1.221	0.217	0.840	0.310	1.057
Violent offense	0.480	1.042	0.265	0.751	0.461	1.204
Sexual offense	0.032	0.214	0.007	0.106	0.024	0.184
Criminal damage	0.113	0.432	0.101	0.644	0.197	0.854
Drug offenses	0.194	0.621	0.126	0.472	0.907	2.744
Motoring offenses	0.088	0.488	0.020	0.141
Minor offenses	0.520	1.058	0.442	1.060
Other offenses	0.418	1.097	0.484	1.141	2.128	5.052
Observations	558		446		5,440

Notes: This table reports the summary statistics of the two samples from the 1963 and 1968 cohorts of the Offenders Index Cohort Data (Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate) and of the 1975 cohort of the Police National Computer (Ministry of Justice, PNC/Criminal Histories Team Justice Statistics Analytical Services). The 1963 sample includes offenders who were sentenced to either youth custody/detention centers or adult prisons when age 20/21 at the date of court appearance and who committed their first offense when older than 14. The 1968 sample includes offenders who were sentenced to young offender institutions or adult prisons and is restricted to offenders who had a sentence shorter than three years.
↵^aFor the 1963 and 1968 cohorts, “White” refers to white European ethnicity.
↵^bFor the 1963 and 1968 cohorts, “Black” refers to Afro-Caribbean ethnicity.
^cOther offenses include mainly failing to surrender to bail, going equipped for stealing, and other offenses against the state or public order.