Table 4

Instrumental Variables Estimates

Dependent Variable: Military Death Rate × Post
(1)(2)(3)(4)
Panel A: First Stage
Ratio class 1911–1912 × post−0.28***
[0.05]		−0.17***
[0.03]
Ratio class 1912–1913 × post−0.39***
[0.05]		−0.31***
[0.06]
Ratio class 1913–1914 × post−0.31***
[0.10]		−0.20***
[0.05]
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes
Observations 609 609 609 609
Départements  87  87  87  87
Dependent Variable: FLFP
OLSIV
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
Panel B: Second Stage
Death rate × post0.35***
[0.07]		0.80***
[0.22]		0.48***
[0.14]		0.37**
[0.18]		0.54***
[0.13]
Instruments  No  1  2  3  1–3
Controls  Yes  Yes  Yes  Yes  Yes
Difference with OLS0.000.44*
[0.23]		0.13
[0.16]		0.02
[0.19]		0.19
[0.15]
Observations  609  609  609  609  609
Départements   87   87   87   87   87
Within R20.5810.5070.5750.5810.567
KPW F-statistic 29.159 55.847 10.638 27.350

  • Notes: This table reports first-stage coefficients in Panel A, and IV coefficients from estimating Specification 1 with class ratios as instruments in Panel B. Instrument 1 is the ratio of the class 1911 to the class 1912; Instrument 2, the ratio of the class 1912 to the class 1913; Instrument 3, the ratio of the class 1913 to the class 1914. All regressions include département and year fixed effects and controls for the share of rural population in percent and the share of population born in the département in percent. FLFP denotes female labor force participation in percent. All regressions contain 87 départements. Census years are 1901, 1906, 1911, 1921, 1926, 1931, and 1936. The KPW F-statistic is the Kleibergen–Paap Wald rk F-statistic. Standard errors are in brackets and are clustered at the département level. Significance:

  • ↵* p < 0.10,

  • ↵** p < 0.05,

  • ↵*** p < 0.01.