Table 7

Treatment Effects of School Feeding on Child Cognitive Scores, Full Sample, and Heterogeneity by Child Gender, Household Poverty, and Geographical Areas

	Digit Span	Standardized Progressive Matrixes	Composite Cognitive Score
Panel A: All Children
School feeding	0.119	0.129	0.143
School feeding	[–0.010 – 0.249]	[0.018 – 0.240]	[0.019 – 0.267]
Unadjusted p-value	0.070^*	0.024^**	0.024^**
R-W p-value	0.070^*	0.046^**
Observations	2,305	2,307	2,321
R-squared	0.050	0.034	0.064
Mean treatment endline	0.0992	0.119	0.171
Mean control endline	-0.0348	-0.0326	0

	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys
Panel B: Gender
School feeding	0.190	0.0649	0.116	0.148	0.175	0.124
	[0.0372 – 0.342]	[–0.207 – 0.336]	[–0.0358 – 0.267]	[0.0191 – 0.276]	[0.0215 – 0.329]	[–0.0223 – 0.271]
Unadjusted p-value	0.015^**	0.404	0.133	0.025^**	0.026^**	0.01^*
R-W p-value	0.032^**	0.403	0.122	0.042^**
Observations	1,085	1,220	1,086	1,221	1,091	1,230
R-squared	0.057	0.053	0.043	0.037	0.071	0.068
Mean treatment endline	0.0977	0.101	0.0687	0.165	0.140	0.200
Mean control endline	0.108	0.0288	−0.0942	0.0208	−0.0828	0.0717

	Below the Poverty Line	Nonpoor	Below the Poverty Line	Nonpoor	Below the Poverty Line	Nonpoor
Panel C: Household Poverty
School feeding	0.269	0.0723	0.234	0.0931	0.293	0.0946
	[0.108 – 0.429]	[–0.172 – 0.316]	[0.100 – 0.367]	[–0.0427 – 0.229]	[0.147 – 0.440]	[–0.0517 – 0.241]
Unadjusted p-value	0.001^***	0.339	0.001^***	0.177	0.0002^***	0.202
R-W p-value	0.002^***	0.342	0.002^***	0.309
Observations	540	1,765	537	1,770	542	1,779
R-squared	0.096	0.042	0.071	0.030	0.112	0.056
Mean treatment endline	0.127	0.0907	0.138	0.113	0.196	0.164
Mean control endline	−0.207	0.0175	−0.161	0.00626	−0.180	0.0547

	North	South	North	South	North	South
Panel D: Place of Residence
School feeding	0.253	−0.002	0.212	0.051	0.272	0.025
	[0.0798 – 0.427]	[–0.323 – 0.318]	[0.040 – 0.384]	[–0.0922 – 0.194]	[0.0994 – 0.445]	[–0.147 – 0.198]
Unadjusted p-value	0.006^***	0.981	0.017^**	0.477	0.003^***	[0.772]
R-W p-value	0.009^***	0.98	0.013^**	0.726
Observations	1,093	1,212	1,096	1,211	1,099	1,222
R-squared	0.043	0.064	0.028	0.042	0.055	0.079
Mean treatment endline	0.131	0.066	0.176	0.06	0.226	0.114
Mean control endline	−0.109	0.024	−0.0498	−0.019	−0.0516	0.040

Notes:
↵* p < 0.1,
↵** p < 0.05,
↵*** p < 0.01.
Confidence intervals clustered at community levels in squared brackets. R-W p-values were adjusted for multiple testing using the Romano–Wolf (2005, 2016) step-down method with 2,000 iterations and standard errors clustered at community level. The table above presents intent-to-treat effects on each outcome for the full sample and stratified by child gender, household poverty, and place of residence. Models were estimated through OLS. For each outcome, the model controls for its baseline value, a dichotomous variable related to the randomized assignment to school feeding, and region dummies. Household poverty is a dichotomous indicator having the value of one if the household had baseline per capita consumption levels falling below the national consumption poverty line in 2013. Northern regions include Upper West, Upper East, and Northern region. Southern regions include Western, Central, Greater Accra, Volta, Eastern, Asanti, and Brong Ahafo.