FSP in Early Childhood and Rate of Crime Conviction in North Carolina: Robustness
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any conviction | ||||||||||
| FSP IU-5 exposure | −0.019** (0.008) | −0.014* (0.008) | −0.014* (0.008) | −0.011 (0.008) | −0.013** (0.007) | −0.012* (0.006) | −0.013* (0.007) | −0.013* (0.008) | −0.013* (0.008) | −0.17** (0.009) |
| Violent conviction | ||||||||||
| FSP IU-5 exposure | −0.007*** (0.003) | −0.006* (0.003) | −0.005* (0.003) | −0.003 (0.003) | −0.005** (0.002) | −0.004** (0.002) | −0.005** (0.002) | −0.006** (0.003) | −0.006** (0.003) | −0.006** (0.003) |
| Property conviction | ||||||||||
| FSP IU-5 Exposure | −0.003 (0.002) | −0.002 (0.002) | −0.002 (0.002) | −0.002 (0.003) | −0.003 (0.003) | −0.003 (0.002) | −0.003 (0.003) | −0.003 (0.003) | −0.003 (0.003) | −0.005* (0.003) |
| Observations | 13,173 | 8,373 | 8,332 | 7,160 | 13,173 | 13,173 | 8,373 | 8,373 | 8,332 | 7,160 |
| Birth years: 1964–1974 | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | N |
| Birth years: 1968–1974 | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Birth county chars. (1960) × Trend | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Addl. birth county chars. (1960) × Trend | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y |
| County natality chars. (Monthly) | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | Y |
| WOP measures | N | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y |
Notes: Each cell represents a separate OLS regression with each row denoting a different dependent variable and each column denoting a different specification. The dependent variable is the fraction of individuals in a given birth county–birth month cohort who are later convicted of a crime or particular crime type in North Carolina by age 24. All specifications include birth county and birth month fixed effects. Baseline (1960) birth county characteristics include: percent of land in farming, percent of people living in families with less than $3,000, percent of population in urban area, percent Black, percent less than age five, percent greater than age 65, and percent of employment in agriculture. “Additional birth county chars.” (also interacted with a trend in birth cohort) include population density, median income, median education, percent of adults with less than five years education, unemployment rate, per capita government expenditure, and Democratic vote margin in 1960 presidential campaign. Observations are at the birth county by birth month level and are weighted by the number of births in each county in the initial year of the sample period. The sample is restricted to cohorts who were bom 1964–1974 or 1968–1974 as noted. The latter sample enables the inclusion of time-varying county characteristic controls (birth county by birth month level) constructed from natality files. These “County natality chars.” include mean mother’s age, fraction of births to married parents, fraction white births, and fraction of births with an attending physician in a hospital. War on Poverty (WOP) controls include access to WIC (at birth) and Head Start (at age four), as well as per capita expenditures on Public Assistance Transfers, Medicaid, Community Health Centers, and Community Action Agencies. Standard errors clustered at the birth county level are in parentheses. Significance levels:
↵* p < 0.10;
↵** p < 0.05,
↵*** p < 0.01.