Child Diagnoses by Age
By Age: | Type 1 Diabetes | Asthma | Obesity | Atopy | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 10 | |
OLS | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.007*** | 0.010*** | 0.000*** | 0.002*** | 0.002** | 0.004*** |
(0.000) | (0.000) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
[0.585] | [0.361] | [0.002] | [0.002] | [0.008] | [0.002] | [0.042] | [0.006] | |
Mean of Y | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.045 | 0.071 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.044 | 0.061 |
Observations | 807,035 | 556,009 | 807,035 | 556,009 | 807,035 | 556,009 | 807,035 | 556,009 |
2SLS | 0.089** | 0.062 | 0.074 | −0.121 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.022 | 0.110 |
(0.036) | (0.044) | (0.113) | (0.139) | (0.013) | (0.034) | (0.112) | (0.127) | |
[0.072] | [0.786] | [0.996] | [0.990] | [1.000] | [1.000] | [1.000] | [0.990] | |
Mean of Y | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.040 | 0.070 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.041 | 0.058 |
Observations | 296,998 | 217,768 | 296,998 | 217,768 | 296,998 | 217,768 | 296,998 | 217,768 |
Bivariate probit | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.031*** | 0.015 | 0.001 | 0.003 | −0.008 | 0.021 |
(0.002) | (0.004) | (0.009) | (0.015) | (0.001) | (0.003) | (0.010) | (0.013) | |
[0.504] | [0.727] | [0.005] | [0.727] | [0.572] | [0.727] | [0.727] | [0.413] | |
Mean of Y | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.040 | 0.070 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.041 | 0.058 |
Observations | 296,998 | 217,768 | 296,998 | 217,768 | 296,998 | 217,768 | 296,998 | 217,768 |
Differences-in-differences | −0.001 | −0.001 | 0.014** | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.003 | −0.001 |
(0.001) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.009) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.005) | (0.007) | |
[0.919] | [0.933] | [0.005] | [0.287] | [0.532] | [0.933] | [0.919] | [0.933] | |
Mean of Y | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.045 | 0.070 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.044 | 0.060 |
Observations | 510,075 | 366,885 | 510,075 | 366,885 | 510,075 | 366,885 | 510,075 | 366,885 |
First-stage F-statistic | 25.725 | 29.546 | 25.725 | 29.546 | 25.725 | 29.546 | 25.725 | 29.546 |
↵Notes: This table shows the estimates of the effect of an unplanned C-section on the probability of the child having each diagnosis by age by OLS, 2SLS, bivariate probit (marginal effects), and differences-in-differences estimation (see Equations 1, 2, 3, and 6). Specifications as detailed in Section III.B, with the full set of fixed effects and controls. The sample for bivariate probit and 2SLS includes only singleton first births; for differences-in-differences, both first and second singleton births from families where the first child is born by vaginal delivery (and the second is born by vaginal delivery or unplanned C-section). The OLS estimation includes both first and higher order singleton births. Robust standard errors (in parentheses) in the first three panels, and standard errors clustered at the family level in the differences-in-differences panel. First-stage F-statistic from 2SLS specifications. Significance: *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01, standard p-values. Romano–Wolf multiple hypothesis adjusted p-values in square brackets.