Table 2

Neonatal Outcomes

	Low Apgar 1 (1)	ICU (2)	Assisted Ventilation (3)	Neonatal Mortality (4)
OLS	0.068^***	0.118^***	0.027^***	0.002^***
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.000)
	[0.002]	[0.002]	[0.002]	[0.002]
Mean of Y	0.049	0.087	0.009	0.001
Observations	1,119,467	1,120,932	1,120,932	1,119,842
2SLS	−0.018	−0.088	−0.006	0.006
	(0.140)	(0.170)	(0.061)	(0.023)
	[1.000]	[0.999]	[1.000]	[1.000]
Mean of Y	0.066	0.106	0.012	0.002
Observations	392,017	392,560	392,560	392,173
Bivariate probit	0.104^***	0.163^***	0.017^***	−0.001
	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.005)	(0.005)
	[0.023]	[0.001]	[0.297]	[0.927]
Mean of Y	0.066	0.106	0.012	0.002
Observations	392,017	392,560	392,560	392,173
Differences-in-differences	0.053^***	0.111^***	0.036^***	0.001
	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.004)	(0.002)
	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.919]
Mean of Y	0.038	0.070	0.006	0.001
Observations	644,551	645,292	645,292	644,746
First-stage F-statistic	24.996	25.216	25.216	26.007

↵Notes: This table shows the estimates of the marginal effect of an unplanned C-section on different neonatal health indicators by OLS, 2SLS, bivariate probit, and differences-in-differences estimation (see Equations 1, 2, 3, and 6). Specifications as detailed in Section III.B, with the full set of fixed effects and controls. The sample for bivariate probit and 2SLS includes only singleton first births; for differences-in-differences, the sample includes both first and second singleton births from families where the first child is born by vaginal delivery (and the second is born by vaginal delivery or unplanned C-section). The OLS estimation includes both first and higher order singleton births. Robust standard errors (in parentheses) in first three panels, and standard errors clustered at the family level in the differences-in-differences panel. First-stage F-statistic from 2SLS and bivariate probit specifications. Significance: *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01, standard p-values. Romano–Wolf multiple hypothesis adjusted p-values in square brackets.