Validity of Differences-in-Differences
Neonatal Health | Diagnosis by Age 5 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low Apgar | ICU | Assisted Ventilation | Neonatal Mortality | Type 1 Diabetes | Asthma | Obesity | Atopy | |
Instrumented | 0.060*** | 0.020** | 0.001 | −0.001 | −0.001 | −0.004 | −0.001 | −0.006 |
(0.009) | (0.009) | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.008) | (0.001) | (0.009) | |
Mean of Y | 0.028 | 0.061 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.044 | 0.001 | 0.044 |
Observations | 534,119 | 534,689 | 534,689 | 534,264 | 428,392 | 428392 | 428,392 | 428,392 |
Risk pregnancy | 0.001 | 0.016 | 0.003 | 0.001 | −0.001 | 0.002 | −0.000 | 0.005 |
(0.007) | (0.010) | (0.004) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.009) | (0.001) | (0.009) | |
Mean of Y | 0.035 | 0.062 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.044 | 0.001 | 0.044 |
Observations | 608,688 | 609,368 | 609,368 | 608,909 | 482,536 | 482,536 | 482,536 | 482,536 |
↵Notes: This table shows the results from sibling fixed effect models, following the specification in Equation 6, for two different samples of children: in the top panel, for a sample of sibling pairs where the first child was born by eutocic birth, and the second child is born either by eutocic or instrumented vaginal birth; in the bottom panel, for vaginally delivered sibling pairs where the first child did not have a high-risk pregnancy and the second child had a low- or high-risk pregnancy. The top panel coefficient represents the change in the health gap between siblings in families where the second child was born by instrumented vaginal delivery, while the bottom panel coefficient represents the same for families where the second child had a high-risk pregnancy. All specifications include family, hospital, year, and month-of-birth fixed effects and the controls described in Section III.B.2. Standard errors are clustered at the family level. Significance: *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.