Robustness Checks (2SLS)
| Dependent Variable: Child Grade Attainment | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline 2SLS Estimate (1) | Rainfall in Year of Birth (2) | Province Fixed Effects (3) | Urban Origin (4) | Excluding Units at the Discontinuity (5) | |
| Panel A: Mothers Sample | |||||
| Mother’s schooling | 0.073*** [0.014] | 0.073*** [0.016] | 0.064*** [0.015] | 0.063*** [0.016] | 0.066*** [0.012] |
| F-test | 14.04 | 14.77 | 12.57 | 12.34 | 30.11 |
| p-value | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Observations | 91,480 | 91,480 | 91,480 | 91,480 | 86,505 |
| Panel B: Fathers Sample | |||||
| Father’s schooling | 0.092*** [0.016] | 0.092*** [0.016] | 0.077*** [0.014] | 0.079*** [0.016] | 0.079*** [0.015] |
| F-test | 25.13 | 29.21 | 26.17 | 21.15 | 48.44 |
| p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Observations | 50,026 | 50,026 | 50,026 | 50,026 | 47,031 |
↵Notes: Each cell represents an estimate from a separate regression; robust standard errors clustered by age in 1980 appear in brackets. All regressions include linear splines in parent age in 1980 (coefficients not shown), fixed effects for child ages 7–15 (omitted age is six), and a binary indicator for girls. The instrument for parent schooling is the discontinuity at age 15 in 1980. The reported F-statistics refer to this excluded instrument. Statistical significance: *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.