Additional Specification Tests: Alternative Parent Samples and Polynomials in Age Splines (2SLS)
| Dependent Variable: Child Grade Attainment | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Included Parent Cohorts | ||||||||
| Ages 6−21 Years in 1980 | Ages 0−30 Years in 1980 | |||||||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| Panel A: Mothers Sample | ||||||||
| Mother’s schooling | 0.073*** [0.014] | 0.123 [0.086] | 0.069*** [0.013] | 0.121*** [0.036] | 0.029* [0.015] | 0.128*** [0.026] | 0.035*** [0.013] | 0.126*** [0.020] |
| F-test | 14.04 | 4.42 | 80.10 | 16.49 | 23.74 | 9.76 | 122.98 | 51.25 |
| p-value | 0.002 | 0.053 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Observations | 91,480 | 91,480 | 80,370 | 80,370 | 120,538 | 120,538 | 109,428 | 109,428 |
| Panel B: Fathers Sample | ||||||||
| Father’s schooling | 0.092*** [0.016] | 0.194*** [0.035] | 0.070*** [0.019] | 0.194*** [0.025] | −0.004 [0.021] | 0.267*** [0.058] | −0.009 [0.023] | Q224*** [0.030] |
| F-test | 25.13 | 18.97 | 151.00 | 23.14 | 35.80 | 10.29 | 114.16 | 36.85 |
| p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Observations | 50,026 | 50,026 | 43,395 | 43,395 | 78,864 | 78,864 | 72,233 | 72,233 |
| Specification Quadratic spline? | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y |
| Dropped ages 14 and 15 | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y |
↵Notes: Each cell represents an estimate from a separate regression; robust standard errors clustered by age in 1980 appear in brackets. All regressions include linear splines in parent age in 1980 (coefficients not shown), fixed effects for child ages 7–15 (omitted age is six), and a binary indicator for girls. The instrument for parent schooling is the discontinuity at age 15 in 1980. The reported F-statistics refer to this excluded instrument. Statistical significance: *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.