Table 10

Effects on Student Engagement Index

	Dependent Variable = Student Mechanism Index in
	7 th Grade (1)	8th Grade (2)	9th Grade (3)	10th Grade (4)	11th Grade (5)	12th Grade (6)
Female student	−0.106^***	−0.084^**	−0.117^**	−0.101^*	−0.045	−0.055
	(0.035)	(0.040)	(0.058)	(0.052)	(0.074)	(0.074)
Female teacher in Grade 7	0.000	0.031	−0.051	−0.094^*	−0.063	−0.044
	(0.052)	(0.070)	(0.055)	(0.052)	(0.089)	(0.128)
Female student × Female teacher in Grade 7	0.124^***	0.104^**	0.144^**	0.138^**	0.067	0.099
	(0.045)	(0.050)	(0.069)	(0.061)	(0.088)	(0.087)
Observations	9,934	9,535	9,242	7,520	7,372	7,160
R²	0.114	0.078	0.096	0.089	0.118	0.125
Dep. Var. Mean	0.003	0.004	0.002	0.007	0.012	0.001

↵Notes: Each column represents a separate regression, controlling for school-by-subject-by-ability-group fixed effects. Dependent variables are student behavior indices for Grades 7–12, constructed as follows: first, we extract common variation, using principal component analysis, for each subject and each year, from the students response to four questions: whether he or she is focused in class, whether they participate in class, whether they do not skip homework assignment, and whether they review what they learned in class. The first component for each subject is regressed on student fixed effects; the residual is the student engagement index. Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at school level. *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.