Table 4

The effect of college education on smoking behavior at different ages. Panel with fixed effects, linear models. Females.

Birth cohort	Dependent variable: smoked at age 17 and smoked at ages 25 to 60
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
	1910–19	1920–29	1930–39	19401–49	1950–59	1960–69	1970–79
	At age 25
College	0.025^*** [0.0104]	0.046^*** [0.0098]	0.01 [0.0085]	0.004 [0.0061]	−0.032^*** [0.0047]	−0.038^*** [0.0048]	0.031^*** [0.0099]
Observations	32,010	42,282	40,304	54,630	70,600	50,240	11,290
	At age 30
College	0.023* [0.0110]	0.039^*** [0.0102]	−0.011 [0.0088]	−0.016^*** [0.0063]	−0.048^*** [0.0050]	−0.051^*** [0.0063]
Observations	32,010	42,282	40,304	54,358	61,634	33,158
	At age 35
College	0.015 [0.0159]	0.025^** [0.0102]	−0.031^*** [0.0089]	−0.036^*** [0.0066]	−0.053^*** [0.0058]	0.058^*** [0.0109]
Observations	32,010	42,282	40,304	49,450	47,166	13,484
	At age 40
College	0.007 [0.0112]	0.017^* [0.0103]	−0.043^*** [0.0090]	−0.051^*** [0.0069]	−0.057^*** [0.0077]
Observations	32,010	42,282	40,098	42,714	29,334
	At age 45
College	−0.007 [0.0110]	0.008 [0.0103]	−0.056^*** [0.0093]	−0.061^*** [0.0081]	−0.065^*** [0.0126]
Observations	32,010	42,282	36,544	32,860	10,876
	At age 50
College	−0.011 [0.0110]	0.006 [0.0102]	−0.057^*** [0.0096]	−0.065^*** [0.0106]
Observations	32,010	42,110	31,636	21,018
	At age 55
College	−0.016 [0.0107]	−0.0005 [0.0104]	−0.055^*** [0.0110]	−0.079^*** [0.0190]
Observations	32,010	38,588	25,026	7,646
	At age 60
College	−0.024^** [0.0105]	−0.008 [0.0104]	−0.047^*** [0.0137]
Observations	31,826	33,538	16,304
	Average age at smoking initiation for smokers
College	21.62	20.79	19.58	19.42	18.8	18.01	17.52
Not college	22.82	21.25	19.78	18.91	17.93	17.09	16.77

↵Analysis from smoking histories from the 1978, 1979, 1980, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 National Health Interview Surveys for individuals age 25 and older at the time of the survey. Smoking histories are reconstructed using the age at smoking initiation and cessation. See also Note 5. Panel linear regressions with individual fixed effects: the baseline smoking behavior is always taken at age College always takes the value 0 at age 17. At ages 25 and older, it takes the value 1 for college graduates and the value 0 otherwise. Age is controlled for. Robust and clustered standard errors in square brackets. ***, **, * denote statistical significance at the 1 percent, 5 percent, and 10 percent confidence levels, respectively.