Instrumental-Variables Estimates with Added Controls, 1900–36 Cohorts, Independent Variable: Malaria Death Rate (Per 100,000) at Year of Birth
| Dependent Variable | Specification | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) Hot and Cold | (2) Degree Days | (3) Cotton | (4) All Controls | (5) Quadratic Trends | |
| School years | − 0.068 (0.027)** | − 0.039 (0.017)** | − 0.047 (0.016)*** | − 0.061 (0.024)** | − 0.045 (0.026)* |
| Grade 12+ (×100) | − 0.729 (0.366)* | − 0.518 (0.253)** | − 0.580 (0.246)** | − 0.647 (0.334)* | − 0.602 (0.373) |
| Log (income) | − 0.020 (0.020) | − 0.013 (0.013) | − 0.011 (0.014) | − 0.019 (0.019) | 0.007 (0.018) |
| Poverty status < 150 percent (× 100) | 0.653 (0.290)** | 0.379 (0.219)* | 0.485 (0.205)** | 0.577 (0.260)** | 0.348 (0.289) |
| Weather controlsa | |||||
| PRCP, PRCPSQD | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| TEMP < 8°C and TEMP > 28°C | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Degree days (8–32°C) | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Cotton-ideal temperatures | No | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Year fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| State fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| State-specific linear trends | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| State-specific quadratic trends | No | No | No | No | Yes |
| First-stage F – statistic | 8.9 | 10.5 | 11.0 | 9.2 | 10.6 |
↵Notes: * significant at 10 percent; ** significant at 5 percent; *** significant at 1 percent. Standard errors (in parenthesis) are clustered on state of birth. All regressions are weighted by the number of underlying individuals in the state-year cohort. These IV estimates use TEMP2228 · HIGH to instrument for the malaria death rate. Sample size is 1,147 state-year cohorts.
↵a The weather control variables are allowed to vary for “high” and “low” malaria states, respectively.