Table 3

The effect of college education on smoking behavior at different ages. Panel data with fixed effects, linear model. Males

Birth cohort	Dependent variable: smoked at age 17 and smoked at ages 25 to 60
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
	1910–19	1920–29	1930–39	1940–49	1950–59	1960–69	1970–79
	At age 25
College	0.047^*** [0.0140]	0.041^*** [0.0097]	0.024^*** [0.0084]	0.005 [0.0066]	−0.030^*** [0.0053]	−0.045^*** [0.0054]	−0.014 [0.0130]
Observations	17,858	29,456	31,694	44,652	55,658	38,810	8,748
	At age 30
College	0.048^*** [0.0145]	0.046^*** [0.0100]	0.023^*** [0.0089]	−0.007 [0.0069]	−0.038^*** [0.0058]	−0.043^*** [0.0074]
Observations	17,858	29,456	31,694	44,404	48,562	25,758
	At age 35
College	0.033^** [0.0148]	0.036^*** [0.0103]	0.016^* [0.0092]	−0.012^* [0.0073]	−0.041^*** [0.0068]	−0.050^*** [0.0125]
Observations	17,858	29,456	31,694	40,262	37,810	10,554
	At age 40
College	0.029^** [0.0146]	0.031^*** [0.0106]	0.012 [0.0095]	−0.011 [0.0078]	−0.050^*** [0.0091]
Observations	17,858	29,456	31,516	34,688	23,990
	At age 45
College	0.017 [0.0149]	0.017^* [0.0107]	0.006 [0.0100]	−0.001 [0.0093]	−0.047^*** [0.0159]
Observations	17,858	29,456	28,544	26,430	8,922
	At age 50
College	0.027^* [0.0149]	0.015 [0.0107]	0.0007 [0.0106]	0.010 [0.0124]
Observations	17,858	29,304	24,518	16,762
	At age 55
College	0.024 [0.0148]	0.0159 [0.0111]	0.009 [0.0120]	0.005 [0.0224]
Observations	17,858	26,312	19,170	5,990
	At age 60
College	0.028^* [0.0145]	0.027 [0.0116]	0.021 [0.0158]
Observations	17,714	22,168	12,382
	Average age at smoking initiation for smokers
College	19.14	18.45	18.60	18.35	18.38	18.52	18.16
Not college	17.50	17.14	16.92	16.91	17.13	17.01	16.74

↵Analysis from smoking histories from the 1978, 1979, 1980, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 National Health Interview Surveys for individuals age 25 and older at the time of the survey. Smoking histories are reconstructed using the age at smoking initiation and cessation. See also Note 5. Panel linear regressions with individual fixed effects: the baseline smoking behavior is always taken at age College always takes the value 0 at age 17. At ages 25 and older, it takes the value 1 for college graduates and the value 0 otherwise. Age is controlled for. Robust and clustered standard errors in square brackets. ***, **, * denote statistical significance at the 1 percent, 5 percent, and 10 percent confidence levels, respectively.