Table 6

Heterogeneous Effects on Test Score Gains of Girls by Teacher Characteristics and Teacher Gender

Teacher Characteristics:	Dependent Variable: Normalized Test Scores
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
	Head Teacher	Contract Teacher	Completed 12th	Teacher Training	Native to Village	Active in Union	Salary (Per Rs.10,000)	Experience	Absence	Teaches Multigrade Classroom	All Teacher Characteristics
Panel A: Excludes Additional Teacher Correlates
(β₁) Female student * female teacher	0.031^{^***} (0.00852)	0.034^{^***} (0.00836)	0.035^{^***} (0.00827)	0.035^{^***} (0.00836)	0.034^{^***} (0.00829)	0.032^{^***} (0.0086)	0.036^{^***} (0.00848)	0.030^{^***} (0.00888)	0.035^{^***} (0.0083)	0.034^{^***} (0.00827)
(β₃) Female teacher	−0.00228 (0.0157)	0.00243 (0.0157)	−0.000149 (0.0154)	0.000203 (0.0157)	−0.00156 (0.0155)	0.00834 (0.0158)	−0.00201 (0.0158)	−0.000133 (0.0174)	−0.00350 (0.0155)	0.000449 (0.0154)
(δ₁) Female student * characteristic	−0.0179^{^*} (0.00968)	0.000603 (0.0137)	0.0260 (0.0198)	−0.00151 (0.0141)	0.00786 (0.0110)	−0.0132 (0.0112)	0.0077 −0.00839	−0.000939 (0.00060)	−0.00428 (0.0200)	−0.030^{^***} (0.00878)
(δ₃) Teacher characteristic	−0.0185 (0.0161)	−0.00902 (0.0238)	−0.0423 (0.0360)	0.0102 (0.0247)	0.00785 (0.0181)	0.0413^{^**} (0.0178)	−0.0177 −0.0153	−0.00165 (0.00113)	−0.067^{^**} (0.0304)	−0.0162 (0.0182)
β₁ + β₃	0.029^{^*}	0.037^{^**}	0.035^{^**}	0.035^{^**}	0.032^{^**}	0.040^{^***}	0.034^{^**}	0.030^{^*}	0.032^{^**}	0.034^{^**}
F-stat (H₀: β₁ + β₃ = 0)	3.47	5.70	5.35	5.14	4.53	6.68	4.83	3.10	4.33	5.09
λ_g ^{^*}β₁ + β₃	0.014	0.020	0.018	0.018	0.016	0.025	0.016	0.015	0.014	0.017
F-stat (H₀: λ_g ^{^*}β₁ + β₃ = 0)	0.82	1.76	1.45	1.42	1.13	2.66	1.17	0.84	0.95	1.43
Observations	268,548	268,548	268,548	267,475	268,482	268,318	268,215	239,932	264,581	268,264
Panel B: Includes Additional Teacher Correlates
(β₁) Female student * female teacher	0.032^{^***} (0.0089)	0.034^{^***} (0.0088)	0.036^{^***} (0.0087)	0.034^{^***} (0.0087)	0.034^{^***} (0.0087)	0.032^{^***} (0.0091)	0.035^{^***} (0.0089)	0.032^{^***} (0.0090)	0.035^{^***} (0.0087)	0.033^{^***} (0.00868)	0.026^{^***} (0.0095)
(β₃) Female teacher	−0.00148 (0.0180)	−0.00241 (0.0180)	−0.00361 (0.0180)	−0.00254 (0.0180)	−0.00282 (0.0180)	−0.00156 (0.0179)	−0.00342 (0.0180)	−0.00174 (0.0180)	−0.00305 (0.0180)	−0.00249 (0.0180)	0.00152 (0.0181)
(δ₁) Female student * characteristic	0.0972 (0.0983)	0.0179 (0.0815)	−0.0449 (0.0534)	0.0455 (0.0487)	0.0259 (0.0251)	0.0430^{^**} (0.0188)	−0.00291 −0.0262	0.000493 (0.00179)	−0.071^{^**} (0.0334)	−0.0172 (0.0196)
(δ₃) Teacher characteristic	−0.0197^{^*} (0.0101)	0.0169 (0.0160)	0.0372 (0.0235)	−0.0146 (0.0169)	0.0118 (0.0123)	−0.0141 (0.0117)	0.00453 −0.00914	−0.000854 (0.000613)	−0.00021 (0.0213)	−0.032^{^***} (0.00925)
β₁ + β₃	0.030^{^*}	0.031^{^*}	0.032^{^*}	0.031^{^*}	0.031^{^*}	0.030^{^*}	0.032^{^*}	0.030^{^*}	0.032^{^*}	0.031^{^*}	0.027
F-stat (H₀: β₁ + β₃ = 0)	2.86	3.06	3.24	3.09	3.12	2.87	3.21	2.93	3.16	3.02	2.34
λ_g ^{^*}β₁ + β₃	0.015	0.015	0.015	0.015	0.015	0.015	0.015	0.015	0.015	0.015	0.015
F-stat (H₀: λ_g^{^*}β₁ + β₃ = 0)	0.71	0.71	0.70	0.71	0.71	0.72	0.71	0.72	0.71	0.70	0.71
Observations	235,022	235,022	235,022	235,022	235,022	235,022	235,022	235,022	235,022	235,022	235,022

Notes: Regressors include student’s lagged normalized test score, school*grade fixed effects and grade fixed effects by student gender (Specification from Columns 5 and 6 of Table 5). “Teacher Characteristics” are salary per 10,000 Rs., age, experience, teacher absence, class enrollment size and indicators for caste, teacher status, education, training, native to school location, marital status, union status, and an indicator for teaching a multigrade class. Standard errors (in parentheses) are clustered at the school level for OLS regressions not including fixed effects and are clustered at the school-year level for OLS regressions including fixed effects. Significance levels are as follows:
↵* p < 0.10,
↵** p < 0.05,
↵*** p < 0.01.