Table 3

Main result: Difference-in-differences in TSC Intensity Predicts ASER Test Scores

	1	2	3	4	5	6
	Restricted Sample				Full Sample
Panel A: Reading (recognizes letters or better; mean = 0.748)
TSC household latrines per capita	0.752^{^*} (0.339)	0.744^{^*} (0.339)	0.689^{^*} (0.348)	0.776^{^*} (0.355)	0.752^{^*} (0.339)	0.777^{^*} (0.355)
Effect at overall 2003 mean	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003
Girl		−0.010^{^**} (0.004)	−0.009^{^*} (0.004)	−0.009^{^*} (0.004)		−0.009^{^*} (0.004)
Household, parent controls			✓	✓		✓
Village and district controls				✓		✓
n (six-year-olds)	47,612	47,612	47,612	47,612	47,684	47,684
Panel B: Math (recognizes numbers one to nine or better; mean = 0.747)
TSC household latrines per capita	0.754^{^*} (0.359)	0.743^{^*} (0.360)	0.688^{^†} (0.373)	0.783^{^*} (0.378)	0.754^{^*} (0.359)	0.784^{^*} (0.378)
Effect at overall 2003 mean	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003
Girl		−0.015^{^***} (0.004)	−0.014^{^***} (0.004)	−0.013^{^***} (0.004)		−0.014^{^***} (0.004)
Household, parent controls			✓	✓		✓
Village and district controls				✓		✓
n (six-year-olds)	47,063	47,063	47,063	47,063	47,133	47,133
Panel C: Math (recognizes numbers ten to 99 or better; mean = 0.325)
TSC household latrines per capita	0.897^{^*} (0.407)	0.889^{^*} (0.408)	0.807^{^*} (0.377)	0.810^{^*} (0.375)	0.897^{^*} (0.407)	0.810^{^*} (0.375)
Effect at overall 2003 mean	0.004	0.004	0.004	0.004	0.004	0.004
Girl		−0.010^{^*} (0.004)	−0.009^{^*} (0.004)	−0.009^{^*} (0.004)		−0.009^{^*} (0.004)
Household, parent controls			✓	✓		✓
Village and district controls				✓		✓
n (six-year-olds)	47,063	47,063	47,063	47,063	47,133	47,133

Notes: Standard errors clustered by 573 (restricted) or 575 (full sample) clusters in parentheses. The restricted sample omits two districts with unusually high reported levels of TSC construction. Two-sided p-values:
↵† p < 0.10;
↵* p < 0.05;
↵** p < 0.01;
↵*** p < 0.001.
All specifications include district and year fixed effects. Scaled effects below the TSC coefficient multiply by the mean program intensity. Household and parent controls are housing material, household electrification in general and on the day of the survey, whether the child goes to “tuition” tutoring classes, whether the child’s father and mother have been to school, and whether the child’s mother is literate. Village controls are indicators for the village having electricity, a road, a health worker, a school, and a government ration shop; district controls are a quadratic polynomial of interpolated census literacy.