First-stage Estimates, Different Enrollment Controls
| Model | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Above 1st threshold | −6.535*** (1.359) | −8.575*** (1.508) | −10.040*** (0.900) | −9.202*** (1.492) | −9.379*** (1.260) | −9.569*** (1.962) |
| Above 2nd threshold | −6.215*** (0.942) | −5.587*** (0.897) | −5.201*** (1.069) | −8.106*** (1.179) | −7.005*** (0.960) | −7.842*** (1.446) |
| Above 3rd threshold | −6.139*** (1.056) | −3.074* (1.808) | −4.684*** (1.305) | −2.737 (2.626) | −3.612 (2.240) | −0.367 (3.316) |
| F-test for instruments | 18.30 | 20.48 | 47.89 | 39.49 | 40.82 | 18.16 |
| Enrollment controls | ||||||
| Polynomials: | ||||||
| 1st order | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 2nd order | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Interacted with thresholds | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Interacted with segments | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Number of pupils | 6,009 | 6,009 | 6,009 | 6,009 | 6,009 | 6,009 |
| Number of districts × cohorts | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 |
| Number of clusters | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 |
↵Note: The estimates are based on representative samples of individuals born in 1967, 1972, 1977 or 1982 in one-school districts. All models include fixed effects for school district enrollment in grade 4, municipality-by-cohort fixed effects, gender, dummy variables for month of birth, dummy variables for mother’s and father’s educational attainment, parental income, mother’s age at child’s birth, indicators for being a first or second generation Nordic immigrant, indicators for being a first or second generation non-Nordic immigrant, an indicator for having separated parents, and the number of siblings. Standard errors adjusted for clustering by enrollment count are in parentheses. ***/**/* = the estimates are significantly different from zero at the 1/5/10 percent level, respectively.