Descriptive Statistics
| Variable [#pupils; #districts × cohorts; #clusters] | All | Income parents | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low | High | ||
| Class size grades | 24.121 (3.642) | 23.830 (3.717) | 24.382 (3.554) |
| Academic achievement, age 13 (SD) [4712; 187; 80] | 0.032 (1.002) | −0.170 (1.027) | 0.209 (0.945) |
| Cognitive ability, age 13 (SD) [5201; 197; 82] | 0.005 (1.023) | −0.223 (1.039) | 0.202 (0.966) |
| Parents help child with homework [5112; 197; 82] | 0.798 (0.401) | 0.772 (0.419) | 0.821 (0.384) |
| Pupil does homework (hours) [5154; 197; 82] | 2.735 (1.669) | 2.721 (1.715) | 2.747 (1.628) |
| Teacher thinks that it is important that pupils take responsibility for their own learning (rank 0/1) [1853; 93; 56] | 0.516 (0.183) | 0.515 (0.183) | 0.516 (0.183) |
| Pupil thinks it is easy to understand when the teacher explains in front of the class [2719; 83; 52] | 0.873 (0.333) | 0.855 (0.352) | 0.888 (0.315) |
| Pupil asks the teacher for help if (s)he do not understand [2802; 83; 52] | 0.956 (0.204) | 0.956 (0.206) | 0.957 (0.202) |
Note: The table shows means (standard deviations) of outcome variables and is based on representative samples of individuals born in 1967, 1972, 1977, or 1982 in one-school districts. Standardized variables are normalized to have mean zero in the population. Median income, which is used to divide households into low and high-income households, is calculated from the population.