Impact of Female Teachers on the Learning Gains of Female Students (Pooled Across Math and Language)
| Dependent Variable: Normalized Test Scores | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
| (β1) Female student * female teacher | 0.0383*** (0.00997) | 0.0362*** (0.00886) | 0.0354*** (0.00827) | 0.0350*** (0.00887) | 0.0343*** (0.00826) | 0.0347*** (0.00868) |
| (β2) Female student | −0.0120* (0.00676) | −0.0140** (0.00602) | −0.0126** (0.00563) | |||
| (β3) Female teacher | −0.0154 (0.0188) | −0.00344 (0.0148) | 0.000700 (0.0155) | 0.00212 (0.0149) | 0.00132 (0.0155) | −0.00305 (0.0180) |
| β1 + β3 | 0.023 | 0.033** | 0.036** | 0.037** | 0.036** | 0.032*** |
| F-statistic (H0: β1 + β3 = 0) | 1.575 | 5.222 | 5.683 | 6.448 | 5.500 | 3.157 |
| λg *β1 + β3 | 0.004 | 0.015 | 0.019 | 0.020 | 0.019 | 0.015 |
| F-statistic (H0: λg * β1 + β3 = 0) | 0.054 | 1.169 | 1.613 | 2.012 | 1.618 | 0.708 |
| Observations | 268,548 | 268,548 | 268,548 | 268,548 | 268,548 | 235,022 |
| Teacher characteristics | No | No | No | No | No | Yes |
| School fixed effects | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
| School*grade fixed effects | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Grade fixed effects by student gender | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Notes: Regressions include student’s previous year’s test score as an independent variable. “Teacher characteristics” are salary, age, experience, teacher absence, class enrollment size, and indicators for caste, teacher status, education, training, native to school location, marital status, union status, and a multigrade class. Standard errors (in parentheses) are clustered at the school level for OLS regressions not including fixed effects and are clustered at the school year level for OLS regressions including fixed effects. Significance levels are as follows:
↵* p < 0.10,
↵** p < 0.05,
↵*** p < 0.01.