Table 7

Impact of Female Teachers on the Learning Gains of Female Students by Subject

	Dependent Variable: Normalized Test Scores
	1	2	3	4	5	6
Panel A: Math
(β₁) Female student * female teacher	0.0338^{^***} (0.0106)	0.0335^{^***} (0.00992)	0.0336^{^***} (0.00940)	0.0312^{^***} (0.00994)	0.0315^{^***} (0.00940)	0.0302^{^***} (0.00988)
(β₂) Female student	−0.0374^{^***} (0.00736)	−0.0428^{^***} (0.00669)	−0.0408^{^***} (0.00633)
(β₃) Female teacher	−0.0139 (0.0173)	0.00240 (0.0164)	0.00806 (0.0175)	0.00916 (0.0166)	0.00917 (0.0175)	0.00924 (0.0205)
β₁ + β₃	0.020	0.036^{^**}	0.042^{^**}	0.040^{^**}	0.041^{^**}	0.039^{^*}
F-stat(H₀: β₁ + β₃ = 0)	1.365	5.000	5.760	6.047	5.494	3.714
λ_g^{^*} β₁ + β₃	0.003	0.019	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025
F-stat (H₀: λ_g ^{^*}β₁ + β₃ = 0)	0.040	1.583	2.245	2.538	2.257	1.531
Observations	133,907	133,907	133,907	133,907	133,907	117,205
Panel B: Language (Telugu)
(β₁) Female student * female teacher	0.0429^{^***} (0.0104)	0.0393^{^***} (0.00979)	0.0373^{^***} (0.00915)	0.0385^{^***} (0.00979)	0.0364^{^***} (0.00917)	0.0392^{^***} (0.00971)
(β₂) Female student	0.00971 (0.00718)	0.0104 (0.00669)	0.0113^{^*} (0.00629)
(β₃) Female teacher	−0.0174 (0.0154)	−0.00858 (0.0154)	−0.00531 (0.0159)	−0.00389 (0.0155)	−0.00485 (0.0159)	−0.0140 (0.0184)
β₁ + β₃	0.026^{^*}	0.031^{^**}	0.032^{^**}	0.035^{^**}	0.032^{^**}	0.025
F-stat (H₀: β₁ + β₃ = 0)	2.873	4.128	4.204	5.097	4.091	1.922
λ_g^{^*} β₁ + β₃	0.005	0.011	0.014	0.016	0.014	0.006
F-stat (H₀: λ_g^{^*} β₁ + β₃ = 0)	0.098	0.623	0.822	1.156	0.825	0.115
Observations	134,641	134,641	134,641	134,641	134,641	117,817
Panel C: Subject Differences (math – language)
β_1M – β_1L	−0.009	−0.006	−0.004	−0.007	−0.005	−0.009
χ² [H₀: β_1M – β_1L = 0]	1.30	0.45	0.20	0.72	0.35	1.04
β_3M – β_3L	0.004	0.011	0.013	0.013	0.014	0.023
χ² [H₀: β_3M – β_3L = 0]	0.11	0.88	1.20	1.20	1.31	2.59
(β_1M + β_3M) – (β_1L + β_3L)	−0.006	0.005	0.010	0.006	0.009	0.014
χ² [H₀: (β_1M + β_3M) – (β_1L + β_3L) = 0]	0.60	0.19	0.59	0.22	0.53	0.95
(λ_g^{^} β_1M + β_3M) – (λ_g^{^} β_1L + β_3L)	−0.001	0.008	0.011	0.009	0.012	0.019
χ² [H₀: (λ_g^{^} β_1M + β_3M) – (λ_g^{^} β_1L + β_3L) = 0]	0.02	0.53	0.96	0.68	0.97	1.82
Teacher characteristics	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
School fixed effects	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No
School*grade fixed effects	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Grade fixed effects by student gender	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes

Notes: Regressions include student’s previous year’s test score as an independent variable. “Teacher characteristics” are salary, age, experience, teacher absence, class enrollment size, and indicators for caste, teacher status, education, training, native to school location, marital status, union status, and a multigrade class. Standard errors (in parentheses) are clustered at the school level for OLS regressions not including fixed effects and are clustered at the school-year level for OLS regressions including fixed effects. Significance levels are as follows:
↵* p < 0.10,
↵** p < 0.05,
↵*** p < 0.01.